Paniyan

Introduction:

The Paniyan community is the largest Scheduled Tribe in Kerala, mainly distributed in Wayanad District. They are also found in other districts like Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Palakkad. In the adjoining areas of Tamil Nadu, the Paniyans are recognized as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

Etymology and Language:

The term 'Pani' signifies labor, and 'Paniyan' refers to "one who works." According to their oral tradition, they once lived freely in Ippimala, a mountain near Banasura Peak in Wayanad but were eventually enslaved by early farming immigrants. They speak a language that is a mix of Malayalam and Tamil words, known as 'Paniyabhasha.'

Social and Political Structure:

Each settlement has a headman known as 'Kuttan,' who is appointed by the landlord. Traditional areas called 'Nadu' have a hereditary headman called 'Koyma,' under whom there are 'Chemmi,' the actual heads of each settlement, assisted by messengers known as 'Karayma.'

Historical Bonded Labor:

In the past, Paniyans were treated as slaves by their landlords and were victims of the bonded labor system. They were forced to work as bonded laborers, and during the Valliyurkavu festival near Mananthavady, the contract to work as bonded laborers was renewed annually, with the landlord paying an advance called 'Nippu panam.'

Current Livelihoods:

Although the bonded labor system was abolished in 1976, many Paniyans still subsist on agriculture labor or other manual labor. They often migrate seasonally to places like Coorg in Karnataka for employment opportunities. They are skilled tillers of soil and have the potential for various forms of manual labor due to their muscular bodies.

Challenges and Opportunities:

The Paniyan community faces various challenges, including poverty, low self-perception, and lack of access to education and economic opportunities. To uplift their standard of living and empower the community, a new holistic development package should be planned in consultation with their 'Oorukoottams.'

Conclusion:

Despite being the largest Scheduled Tribe community in Kerala, the Paniyans remain one of the most backward and economically disadvantaged groups. It is crucial to implement focused development programs that address their specific needs, provide access to education and skill development, and support their overall well-being and progress. With proper attention and support, the Paniyan community can realize their full potential and thrive in a rapidly changing world.